Writing
Notes from the work.
Explainers on the systems I build with: payments, smart-contract security, cryptography and how LLMs behave. Each one starts from a question I had to answer for real work.
Why cat bigfile freezes webview terminals: backpressure from ConPTY to xterm.jsA webview terminal has no natural brake between the shell and the screen. Here is why a flood of output freezes the UI or eats memory, and the batching and ack-based flow control that push the pressure back to the shell.ArchitectureRustDevTools
Gas sponsorship without draining your balanceTurning on a paymaster is easy. Keeping it solvent is the real work. Here is the threat model for sponsoring gas — and the validation, accounting, and policy layers that stop your deposit from bleeding out.BlockchainSecurityArchitecture
How ERC-4337 actually works: bundler, paymaster, entrypointERC-4337 ships account abstraction without touching the consensus layer. Here is how a UserOperation travels from a user's wallet to on-chain execution — and what each of the three core primitives actually does.BlockchainArchitecture
Context Rot: Why Giving AI Too Much Info Can Ruin the ResultsA beginner-friendly overview of Chroma's 'Context Rot' research. Learn why stuffing AI models with millions of words doesn't always work, and what you can do instead.AI
How Reentrancy Exploits Drain Smart ContractsReentrancy is fundamentally a race condition. The vulnerability lies not in the code that runs, but in the code that *awaits* to run during state updates.BlockchainSecurityDeFi
The Odyssey of Consensus: From Byzantine Generals to BlockchainJourney through four decades of distributed consensus evolution—from the impossibility proofs of 1982 to the optimized two-phase protocols powering today's trillion-dollar blockchains.BlockchainInfraArchitecture
How Merkle Trees Secure Blockchain and BeyondDiscover how Merkle trees enable blockchain to verify massive amounts of data efficiently. Learn why this elegant data structure is the backbone of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Git!BlockchainCryptographyArchitecture
The Unforgeable Seal: Understanding ECDSA Digital SignaturesLearn how ECDSA keeps your crypto transactions safe through simple explanations and visual guides. No complex math required!BlockchainCryptography